EXPLORING ISSUES AND CHALLENGES RELATED TO RETENTION IN NON-FORMAL EDUCATION CENTERS IN SINDH PROVINCE, PAKISTAN

Abstract

This study explores the complex challenges of student retention in Non-Formal Education (NFE) centers across Sindh Province, Pakistan, by drawing on the perspectives of adolescent learners, educators, and administrators. Using a qualitative methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 purposively selected participants, including six retained learners, six dropouts, three educators, and three administrators across three major cities: Karachi, Hyderabad, and Larkana.Thematic analysis revealed that retention is hindered by a confluence of socio-economic, cultural, and institutional factors. Key deterrents include poverty, early marriages, gender norms, inadequate infrastructure, lack of parental support, and limited recognition of NFE credentials. Psychological challenges such as low self-esteem, lack of motivation, and emotional distress were also found to affect learner engagement. Despite these issues, respondents highlighted promising retention practices such as peer mentoring, motivational counseling, flexible teaching, and parental involvement.The study concludes that a holistic, learner-centered approach—combining psychosocial support, inclusive teaching methods, structured transitions, and community engagement—is essential to enhancing student retention. Policy recommendations include formal recognition of NFE qualifications, stronger transition support, professional development for educators, and integration of NFE within the broader educational system.