International Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities

EXPLORING THE ABSENCE OF URDU LANGUAGE IDENTITY IN PAKISTANI UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION

2023-12-26T06:42:29+00:00

Investigating the lack of Urdu language identity in Pakistani undergraduate education reveals a significant gap that requires attention. The exploration delves into understanding the factors contributing to this absence and seeks potential solutions to address the linguistic identity concerns at the academic level. The objective of the study is to find out the reason responsible for the missing identity of Urdu language at undergraduate level. A comparative study is made to ascertain which language is source of preference between the government and private college. This study gives an explicit idea about how English language becomes a threat to our identity. A comparative analysis of Kinnaird College and Govt. APWA College will help in finding the comfort zone of people with the languages (Urdu and English). The research design use in this paper is cross sectional study and the appropriate methodology in this research is quantitative in nature. The data was collected through question This study will explore the present scenario of educational system of Pakistan divided into government and private institutions which are in the support of either English or Urdu language.

NAVIGATING THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC LAW IN PAKISTAN

2024-01-05T13:09:32+00:00

Domestic Violence (DV) persists as a significant social issue globally, encompassing violence against both males and females. This study focuses on domestic violence against women in Pakistan, a pervasive problem escalating in urban and rural areas. In Pakistani society, such violence is often viewed as a private family matter, lacking proper attention to assessment, intervention, and resolution. Women endure daily acts of violence and discrimination, rooted in the misuse of social customs, cultural values, and religious norms. The research aims to shed light on domestic violence against women in Pakistan, exploring its causes, factors, consequences, and proposing Islamic perspectives for solutions. The paper adopts a qualitative research methodology, analysing a comprehensive understanding of the issue and offering potential solutions. The study aspires to be crucial and beneficial for Muslim communities in Pakistan and beyond. It analyses the historical evolution of domestic law in Pakistan to understand its foundational principles, legislative developments and evaluates the effectiveness of legislative mechanisms in addressing contemporary societal issues within the framework of domestic law in Pakistan. Social norms significantly influence how women perceive and respond to domestic violence. In Pakistan, enduring marital abuse is often viewed favourably, while reporting or seeking legal help is met with distrust. Distorted religious teachings contribute to sustaining abusive relationships in Pakistan.

AN OVERVIEW OF DOMESTIC LEGAL FRAMEWORK RELATING TO HOUSING INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN VIS-À-VIS HOUSING FOR ALL IN PAKISTAN

2024-01-22T19:04:16+00:00

In order to achieve the goal of housing for all, each UN Habitat member state must assume responsibility for enacting the required amendments to current legislation as well as the introduction of new legislation and policies that are in accordance with human rights. In Pakistan to enforce right to housing there are laws. Analysis of these laws is important because after analysis we would be able to find out grey areas in the laws and search out obstacles in implementation. There are some laws enumerated here which have concern with the right to housing, that which legal framework is adopted and which laws are enforced. Recent reforms in laws relating to housing have been discussed briefly. These reforms are very good that it will solve many problems in the field of housing. This new legislature work has passed but to get fruit from this tree, there is need of enforcement. Laws without enforcement are like tree without fruit. Need of the hour is to enforce these laws in letters and spirit so that the work on “housing for all” could be accelerated.

TWO LEGS GOOD AND FOUR LEGS BAD: DISCOURSE MANIPULATION, FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MARXISM IN ANIMAL FARM BY GEORGE ORWELL

2024-01-23T18:08:49+00:00

This study explores manipulative language and power dynamics through a Marxist lens, focusing on the exploitation of working-class animals by humans and pigs in George Orwell's novella "Animal Farm." The application of Marxism to the text unveils the social degradation of animal labor, highlighting the deceptive language employed by the intellectual animals to assert power over others, shaping their perceptions and actions for personal gain. Employing critical discourse analysis, the study contends that those in power, whether humans or animals, exploit their subordinates through manipulative communication, gaslighting individuals to maintain their privileged positions. The pigs' manipulation of language positions them as oppressors, enabling them to rule over the other animals. In conclusion, this research emphasizes that power dynamics and manipulative discourse persist regardless of the species in control.

ROLE OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOLS: A STUDY OF DISTRICT MATIARI, SINDH PROVINCE, PAKISTAN

2024-02-17T19:13:46+00:00

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of parents’ involvement in government primary schools in Sindh. A descriptive research design was used to collect data from parents and the approach was purely quantitative. To conduct the study, head teachers were selected from district Matiari. The sample size was 100 head teachers from different primary schools of district Matiari were selected randomly and a simple random sampling technique was used to collect the data from the parents. Findings showed that there is no significant difference between literate and illiterate parents. The findings also showed that parents who are involved in children's education were 3.701 and for non-involvement parents 3.200. The results showed there are statistically significant differences (t= -.3000, p= .001). The results also showed that the mean score of parents in rural areas was 2.433, and for parents who belong to urban areas 2.419. The results showed there are no statistically significant differences (t= 1.129, p= .233).From the findings of the study, it is concluded that parents are not fulfilling their roles in children’s primary education. Parents workshops and awareness sessions should be conducted so the parents should in involved in the holistic development of their children.

ANALYZING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE THROUGH PROJECT BASE LEARNING AT UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

2024-03-19T17:55:43+00:00

This research focuses on the effectiveness of intercultural competence in the English language while assessing project-based learning. The English language has gained its status as a lingua franca just due to the use of a wide range of people who belong to different territories of the world. As the aim of this study is to examine the perceptions of undergraduate students regarding the integration of project-based learning for fostering intercultural competence, the qualitative method has been used to analyze the data; for data collection, snowball sampling techniques were used to collect the desired data. This esteemed research finds various helpful findings: the EFL learners have enhanced their language proficiency even in divergent intercultural environments and they have been exposed having diverse cultural perspectives in their classroom settings. Not only the students of EFL have increased their cultural sensitivity and awareness but also these cultural sensitivity perspectives helped them to trigger their communicative competence. These concerns auxiliary their motivation and engagement in their learning environment. Furthermore, the effectiveness of intercultural competence in the English language has become the core cause to show on the positive attitude toward diversity. Likewise, the perceptions of the students related to integration of the project-based learning have boosted their intercultural competence.

SHROUDED REALITIES: EXPLORING THE VEIL AS A SYMBOL OF OPPRESSION IN FADIA FAQIR'S WILLOW TREES DON'T WEEP

2024-02-26T11:20:15+00:00

This qualitative study explores Fadia Faqir's portrayal of veil, in Willow Trees Don't Weep, as a powerful tool of oppression in the Muslim world, drawing on the theoretical insights of Dabashi’s views as articulated in Brown Skin, White Masks. The study analyzes the novel's multilayered portrayal of the veil through thematic analysis, revealing its symbolic significance as a tool of patriarchal control. The study reveals how the use of the veil as a tool for maintaining gender hierarchies and exercising power and Dabashi’s (2011) idea of native informer relate to Faqir's representation of veil. Through close examination of the narrative in which the veil is employed as an instrument of oppression, this study adds to a deeper comprehension of the relationships between gender and power roles in Muslim societies. The study also critically examines the possible outcome of Faqir's narrative decisions, particularly the way in which the veil is portrayed as a tool of oppression used by men. It argues that such portrayal on part of native informers accentuates Western misconceptions about the alleged oppression of women in Muslim societies. The study's conclusion shows that Fadia Faqir’s portrayal of veil in Willow Trees Don’t Weep supports the popular prejudices prevalent in the West regarding Muslim women, calling for a deeper understanding of Muslim women's experiences.

MORALITY AND POLITICAL ETHICS, AN INEVITABLE NECESSITY FOR SOVEREIGNS AND STATES: KHUSHAL KHAN KHATTAK, S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF ROLE OF MORALITY IN POLITICS

2024-03-01T05:20:02+00:00

Politics and ethics are co-related to each other. As politics and statecraft are the conduct of humans, so the issue of ethical and moral concerns regarding political decisions and discussions automatically becomes important. Political leaders and decision-makers need to be bound by ethical and moral concerns and constraints regarding their political life and decision-making. Political Philosophers like Aristotle and Plato highly regarded Ethics as a key ingredient of Politics. Plato considered Ethics as a branch of Politics. Islam also emphasizes ethics to play a central role in Politics. Muhammad (SAW) was the best example of an ideal political leader with a profound and high standard of ethical and moral values in his personality as well as in his political decision-making coupled with the system he introduced in the State of Medina. Khushal Khan Khattak has highly emphasized ethics and morality in Politics. He explains it with the perspective of proposing his ideal ruler as the symbol of ethics and politics. He on one hand establishes certain moral standards and qualities for his ideal sovereign, on the other hand, praises Kings with high moral standards by narrating their stories in his book Dsataar Nama. The study is qualitative in nature and content analysis, thematic and discourse analysis of different data has been done according to the need of the topic. The main argument of the study is that in Khushal Khan Khattak, s perspective ethics are inevitable and indispensable in political affairs, conduct of states, governance process, state affairs and concerned with the personality and decisions of rulers. The study is a significant contribution to political thought, academia, think tanks and policy making.

NATURE OF LAWFARE: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR ANALYZING LAWFARE IN INTERNATIONAL DOMAIN

2024-02-25T18:00:23+00:00

This paper examines the lawfare, by analyzing its nature and impact within the international domain. Lawfare or the tactical application of legal procedures and frameworks to accomplish military or political goals, has become a key instrument in modern geopolitics and conflict resolutions. This study tries to clarify the different aspects of lawfare, including its legal, political, and ethical ramification by a thorough review of case studies and theoretical frameworks. In order to provide light on the opportunities and problems presented by lawfare in influencing the dynamics of global governance and security, this research will look at the tactics used by both state and non-state actors as well as the changing role of international law and institutions across the international borders. This study also advances the knowledge of how conflict and diplomacy are changing in the twenty-first century and provides significant information in fields of lawfare in international domain.

A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE USED IN PAKISTANI PRIME-TIME TV SHOWS NEELAM GHAR AND JEETO PAKISTAN

2024-02-24T13:15:43+00:00

This research paper based on analysis of language in Pakistani game shows one is taken from the 20^th-century Neelam Ghar (1975) and the other is from 21^th-century named Jeeto Pakistan started in 2014. This study is conducted to ascertain how language changes with the passage of time whether its impact is negative or positive. So the language used in both languages will be analyzed and distinguished both results through investigation of the hosts’ communication styles and their attitude toward the audience. The research approach is qualitative. In this study, a purposive sampling approach is used to collect. Primary data is selected from one episode of the Neelam Ghar and one episode from Jeeto Pakistan show. The significance of the present research lies in the fact that it indicates how media and society portray the change of language in the modern world and how language style is different from the language that was used in the 20th century this will be analyzed in this study. “Norman Fairclough’s three-dimension model” based on Critical Discourse Analysis is applied as the research tool. It is recommended that media consider how language contributes to the development of a sophisticated society. The result of this study depicted that Neelam Ghar left positive effects on their viewers and also encourage reading, and education which in turn supported the intellectual community. On the other hand, Jeeto Pakistan needs to be discussed because the host's improvised language can have a negative impact on society.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL MINDFULNESS AND SUBJECTIVE WELLBEING AMONG POST GRADUATE DOCTORS

2024-02-26T05:39:01+00:00

The purpose of the present was to measure the relationship between Psychological Capital, Mindfulness and Subjective Wellbeing among Postgraduate Doctors. After detailed literature reviews following hypotheses were formulated 1). There would be positive relationship between Psychological Capital and Mindfulness among doctors, 2). There is likely to be that Psychological Capital, Mindfulness and would differ across gender among doctors. The sample of this study was consisted on 200 medical doctors including 100 male medical doctors and 100 female medical doctors. The data was collected from the different private and government hospitals located in Faisalabad. There is no specific age range and the population of the study males & females Postgraduate Doctors of different age group of Faisalabad Hospitals. Psychological capital, mindfulness attention awareness, psychological well-being scale use as instruments in the study. T-Test, Correlation, Regression, was used for data analysis. Results shows significant relationship finding of our both hypotheses. At the end of the implementation of the study, suggestions and recommendation were discussed in detail.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN INDEGNEOUS SELF-ACTUALIZATION SCALE FOR PROFESSIONAL ADULTS

2024-02-27T18:09:32+00:00

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to develop and validate an indigenous Self-Actualization Scale for professional adults. The mixed method approach was used. The study was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, data was extracted from explored phenomenon (Irfan & Habib, 2020), focus group discussion, and previous literature (Maslow, 1979). In the second phase, the factor structure was determined. 620 professional adults aged 20 to 45 years (M_age= 31.5; SD= 1.27) were recruited. PCA was used with the Varimax Rotation. 27 items were retained in final scale. In the third phase, the psychometric properties were determined. Data was collected from professionals (N=200), for the convergent and divergent validity, Short Index of Self Actualization Scale (Palmira & Saimona, 2015), Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Daniel et al., 2005) were used. EFA revealed three-factors named self-Awareness, Self-Realization and Self-Control. The Cronbach’s Alpha value (α=0.97). The psychometric evaluation finding revealed (r=0.69^**) with Short Index Self- Actualization, and (r= -0.57^**) with Narcissistic Personality Inventory. The overall results revealed that SAS is a psychometrically valid and reliable measure.

Keywords: Phenomenology, Self-Actualizations, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Construct Validity. Principal Component Analysis.

EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL BASED RADIO PROGRAMS ON THE ADOPTION OF INNOVATIONS BY THE FARMERS OF SARGODHA AND KHUSHAB DISTRICTS

2024-03-09T07:51:28+00:00

The study investigates the effects of agricultural-based radio programmes on the adoption of innovations by the farmers of Sargodha and Khushab districts regarding the diffusion of innovations in the agriculture sector through different radio programmes. A detailed study was conducted on the farmers of Sargodha and Khushab districts using a sample of 300 respondents, comprising 150 farmers from Sargodha and 150 farmers from Khushab districts. The sample was selected using the triangulation method by combining stratified and purposive sampling techniques. The findings of the study revealed that the farmers who listened to the agriculture-based radio programmes adopted new farming methods as compared to those who did not tune into such programmes. The findings of the study further revealed that radio played major role in getting the respondents’ minds to adopt various innovations from agriculture programmes in Sargodha and Khushab districts. On the other hand, listeners do not significantly prefer confirmation of adoption regarding innovations.

IMPACT OF MOBILE PHONE USAGE ON LIFE STYLE OF YOUTH IN PAKISTAN A CASE STUDY OF NAROWAL

2024-03-09T07:44:08+00:00

The purpose of this study is to investigate the "Impact of Mobile Phone Usage on the Life Style of Youth in Pakistan (A Case Study of the University of Narowal)". Data collection has been done using the survey approach. 200 respondents, 100 men and 100 women between the ages of 18 and 30 were chosen from the University of Narowal student body using convenient and purposive sampling. The findings show that generally speaking, most respondents would rather use their mobile phones to fulfill their needs than television or other media. They observe mannerisms as well and discover that they greatly influence their cultural patterns. In addition, viewers think that Pakistanis are primarily to blame for the current fashions in Indian movies.The results also show that Indian films have an impact on the language, attire, festivals, way of life, music, and eating practices of the local populace.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF QUALITATIVE ADJECTIVE INFLECTIONS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN ENGLISH AND ASTORI DIALECT OF SHINA LANGUAGE: A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

2024-03-16T16:35:32+00:00

The study is a morphological analysis in order to explores similarities and differences of adjective inflections and their functions in English language and in Astori dialect of Shina language. Inflections of adjectives have been taken as the stand point of this study. Findings of the study revealed that Shna is highly inflected language as compared to English. Adjectives in English are inflected to show the degrees (comparative, superlative). On the other hand in Shina, to express degrees like comparative and superlative, separate words are used as; “dango”, “lawo dango”, “pooroneo dango” here the words “lawo” and “pooroneo” show the degrees but the inflections “ngo” shows the masculine gender. The study revealed that in Shina it is necessary for adjectives to agree with the noun they describe and follow, that is, they need to agree with the noun in gender and number. For example, if the noun that follows an adjective is singular and masculine, the adjectives , most of the time, take the inflection “-o”, as in “dudooro” ( masculine singular circular), and if the noun is masculine and plural, the adjective takes the inflection “-ay” as in “dudooray” (masculine circular plural). When the noun, which is being modified by an adjective, is feminine and singular, the adjective takes the inflection “-i”, and when the noun is feminine and plural, it takes the inflection “-iye” as in “naayi” for singular feminine (new) and “naaiye” for feminine plural (new).

THE REVIEW OF THE ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

2024-02-21T17:43:44+00:00

The tourism sector is one of the flourishing sectors in Pakistan that is generating revenue due to its natural beauty and landscapes. However, there are a few factors that need to be attention to gain better outcomes in this sector. The role of language cannot be forgotten in this regard but the significance of architecture and its ability to communicate has no comparison. This paper aims to investigate the impact of architectural language on sustainable tourism by conducting a literature review. The outcomes of the study showed a positive influence of architecture and its language on tourists and the phenomenon of tourism.

MAJOR POLITICAL FAULTINESS AND POLITICAL LANDSCAPE OF PAKISTAN

2024-03-06T07:54:22+00:00

Numerous faultlines and complexity that have forever altered Pakistan's history influenced its political destiny. These faultlines, which have their origins in racial and geographic differences fueled conflicts over the allocation of resources, representation, and autonomy. Power confrontations between civilian administration and the powerful military institution have been sparked by the ebb and flow of civil-military relations, which have been defined by military interventions and coups. The threat of terrorism and religious fanaticism coexist, necessitating a careful balance between security precautions and addressing the root causes. Pakistan has endured serious crises amid these faultlines, including democratic transitions that were overshadowed by military operations. A cycle of credibility issues for political leaders and institutions has been maintained by issues with corruption and poor governance.Another layer of difficulty is added by the province of Balochistan and its uprising for independence and the respect of linguistic rights. The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf focuses on social justice and anti-corruption measures, the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz, is well-known in Punjab, and the Pakistan Peoples Party, which supports the weak and marginalised, are important groups that shape the political landscape. These parties express the need for representative government amid the intricate interaction of faultlines. The path to democracy in Pakistan is robust in the face of obstacles. Despite the hiccups, electoral power shifts reflect the public's desire for democratic representation. Persistent economic issues poverty, inflation, and shoddy infrastructure need for all-encompassing remedies. This article provides a view into Pakistan's complex political environment, which is marked by rifts and changing dynamics.

CHILDHOOD TRAUMA AND MOOD STATES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MAINSTREAM SCHOOL CHILDREN AND CHILD LABORERS

2024-03-29T05:13:20+00:00

The current study aimed to investigate the association between childhood trauma and mood states in children and to compare child laborers and non-working/mainstream school children concerning childhood trauma and mood states. For this purpose, a sample of 400 boys (mainstream school children=200; child laborers=200) in the age range of 6-16 years (M=12.03; SD=2.03) was selected through a purposive sampling technique from the Faisalabad district, Pakistan. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein, et al., 1994) and the Mood Questionnaire (Rieffe et al., 2002) were used for data collection. Data analysis was carried out through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v-25). The Pearson product-moment correlation and regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between childhood trauma and mood problems, as well as childhood trauma, appeared to be a significant predictor of mood problems in the participants. Furthermore, in the t-test, child laborers significantly scored higher on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and negative mood states (i.e., anger, sadness, and fear) whereas, they scored lower on a positive mood state (i.e., happiness) as compared to mainstream school children. Based on the current findings, the implications of the study and suggestions for future research were discussed.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTION REGULATION AND CYBER VICTIMIZATION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS “ROLE OF SELF-DISCLOSURE”

2024-04-13T14:43:19+00:00

This study investigates the intricate interplay between emotion regulation strategies and cyber victimization among university students, with a focus on the moderating role of self-disclosure. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional regulation and cyber victimization among university students. A quantitative co-relational research study with a simple random sampling technique was used for this purpose. It was hypothesized that there was significant relationship between self-disclosure and cyber victimization among university students. A sample of two hundred and Ninety One University students was selected with demographic information i.e. gender, age, and education. Results indicated emotional intelligence (EM) indirectly lowers cyber victimization (CV) through self-disclosure (SD).Emotional Regulation scale (Gross and john, 2003), Cyber Victimization scale by (Riaz & Hassan, 2018) and Self-Disclosure Questionnaire (JSDQ; Journal, 1971) was used. Analysis was conducted using statistical software such as SPSS 25. The finding will be beneficial for further research, as well as the implications of the findings and the study’s limitations are also used.

FINANCIAL REPORTING FOR STEWARDSHIP: EVIDENCE FROM CONVENTIONAL VERSUS ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES

2024-04-06T15:07:00+00:00

The aim of this study is to investigate the evidence of Stewardship for financial reporting from the conventional and Islamic accounting practices. This study hits the two basic issues. Firstly, whether the Stewardship should be considered as a separate objective of financial reporting and secondly, whether Stewardship should be considered as a primary objective of financial reporting or not. After detailed discussion from the conventional and Islamic perspective of financial reporting, this study concludes that Stewardship should be considered as separate objective because Stewardship has major implication for the qualitative characteristics of financial reporting. Further, this study demonstrates that Stewardship should be considered as primary objective of financial reporting rather than decision usefulness. The study offers guidelines for financial report preparation that include information about financial reports from an Islamic perspective, how to incorporate an Islamic perspective into financial reporting, and additional literature to help future researchers delve deeper into this topic.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION AT OLD FORT MANSEHRA: A PRELIMINARY REPORT 2023

2024-03-27T05:35:14+00:00

The archaeological exploration conducted by the Department of Archaeology, Hazara University, Mansehra, in collaboration with the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and the University of Leicester, UK, under the Pak-UK Education Gateway program, aimed to document the British period Archaeology and Heritage of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The focus was on the Old Fort Mansehra, a significant site constructed during the Sikh era and later occupied by British colonial forces. The excavation utilized modern techniques such as topographic mapping using Total Station and employed the Wheeler Technique for grid layout and trenching.Pre-excavation activities involved meticulous surveying and topographic mapping to ensure accuracy in documenting the archaeological features. The excavation revealed significant findings, including coins dating back to the Indo-Parthian and Early Kushan periods, indicating occupation as early as the 1st century CE. Iron objects, pottery sherds, and other artifacts were also unearthed, shedding light on the daily lives and cultural influences within the fort. Stratigraphic analysis helped establish the sequence of occupation periods, indicating continuous habitation from ancient times to the present. The fort exhibited a blend of architectural styles reflective of Sikh and British periods, serving as a military, administrative, and cultural center.The excavation enriched our understanding of the historical dynamics of the region and its transition from Sikh to British control. The findings contribute to the broader historical narrative of South Asia, emphasizing the complex interactions between different cultures and political powers over time. Further research, conservation efforts, and public engagement initiatives are recommended to preserve and showcase the excavated remains and artifacts, ensuring the site's historical significance is properly understood and appreciated.

PAKISTAN'S CLIMATE CHANGE ACT: EVALUATING IMPACTS, EFFICACY, AND PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE PROGRESS

2024-04-17T18:35:53+00:00

Pakistan's Climate Change Act of 2017 represents a significant milestone in the country's efforts to address the challenges posed by climate change. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the Act's implementation, effectiveness, and impact on Pakistan's climate policy landscape. Through a systematic analysis of key components, including implementation mechanisms, enforcement frameworks, institutional support, stakeholder engagement, and effectiveness in achieving stated objectives, this study offers valuable insights into the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement within Pakistan's climate governance framework. The evaluation of implementation mechanisms reveals the importance of robust institutional arrangements, administrative structures, and coordination mechanisms in driving forward climate action. Effective enforcement frameworks and compliance levels are identified as crucial factors in ensuring adherence to environmental standards and regulations. Institutional support and stakeholder engagement emerge as critical drivers of broad-based participation and ownership of climate policies, highlighting the need for inclusive decision-making processes and mechanisms for public participation and feedback.Furthermore, the study assesses the Climate Change Act's effectiveness in achieving its stated objectives, including mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing climate resilience, and mainstreaming climate considerations into development planning processes. Progress towards emission reduction, renewable energy deployment, ecosystem resilience enhancement, and mainstreaming of climate considerations is evaluated to provide a comprehensive picture of the Act's impact on Pakistan's climate policy landscape. Overall, this study underscores the importance of continuous evaluation and adaptation in climate policy. By identifying areas for improvement and opportunities for enhancement, it aims to inform evidence-based decision-making and catalyze action towards a more sustainable and climate-resilient future for Pakistan and its people.

ELECTORAL PERFORMANCE OF JAMAAT-E-ISLAMI IN PAKISTAN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELECTIONS 2013 AND 2018

2024-04-17T18:17:26+00:00

Elections serve as democracy's cornerstone, reflecting the will of the populace. In Pakistan, where religious parties wield influence, Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) holds a prominent position. This paper explores JI's electoral performance in the elections 2013 and 2018, blending data analysis and qualitative examination. It dissects JI's strategies, strengths, and vulnerabilities amidst evolving Pakistani politics, analyzing campaign messaging, coalition dynamics and grassroots mobilization. Additionally, it scrutinizes JI's ideological alignment with voters among competing narratives, aiming to unveil its adaptability and political relevance. The study deepens understanding of Islamic political movements in Pakistan, shedding light on their role within the democratic framework and offering insights into religion, politics, and governance in Muslim-majority societies. Through systematic comparison and critical evaluation, it contributes to nuanced comprehension and facilitates informed discourse on Pakistan's political landscape. Ultimately, by assessing JI's trajectory, this paper illuminates broader implications for democratic processes and religious-political dynamics in diverse contexts.

THE IMPORTANCE OF PRINCIPALS’ LEADERSHIP STYLES IN CREATING TEACHERS’ JOB SATISFACTION: A STUDY OF PRIVATE PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KARACHI

2024-04-07T08:21:01+00:00

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between the leadership styles of principals and the job satisfaction of teachers in private primary schools in Karachi. The study was designed to identify the leadership styles practiced by principals of the schools and the relationship between their leadership styles and the level of job satisfaction of the teachers, respectively. The data was collected by using the Survey method from the selected sample comprising 300 primary school teachers from renowned schools. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires and it was presented by SPSS. The major findings revealed that transformational and transactional leadership are positively related to teachers’ job satisfaction, in addition, Principals' Decision-making and Teachers' Job Satisfaction have a positive relationship.

IMPACT OF PERCEIVED CHILD REARING PRACTICES ON INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS. A MEDIATED MODERATION MODEL OF REJECTION SENSITIVITY AND ATTACHMENTS

2024-04-17T18:03:30+00:00

The aim of the study was to examine the impact of Perceived Child Rearing Practices on Intimate relationships through mediated moderation model of rejection Senstivity and Attachments. There will be significant relation between Child Rearing Practices, Intimate Relationships. In total, 288 married couples between the ages of 20 and 60 took part in the study (144 men and 144 women). The candidates were chosen from Pakistan's small cities of Vehari and Khanewal. An online survey was carried out using a Purposive sampling technique, and a consent form was connected to the questionnaire that was created using Google Forms. Married couples completed out 288 questionnaires did so. Perceived child Rearing Practices is positively significant in males with Intimate relationships. Child rearing practices is positively significant with rejection senstivity and rejection senstivity is positively significant with intimate relationships in males. Results also show that child rearing practices is positively significant in females with intimate relationships and rejection senstivity. The findings revealed a favourable correlation between child rearing practises, intimate relationships, rejection sensitivity, and attachments. Intimate relationships and rejection senstivity positively correlated with each other in males and females However, t-test analysis showed that the demographic variables differ in terms of the influence of child rearing practises on intimate relationships. This study contributes to the body of knowledge already available in the field of motivational psychology and can be utilized to guide future research projects.

UNVEILING HERITAGE PERCEPTIONS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AUTHENTICITY AT UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE AND NON-DESIGNATED SITES IN LAHORE

2024-04-24T06:59:53+00:00

This research paper investigates the shifting perceptions and experiences of visitors at culturally significant heritage sites within Lahore's urban fabric, focusing on the Lahore Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the Wazir Khan Mosque, an important architectural landmark. As tourist numbers increase and both designated and non-designated sites face challenges of preservation and restoration, understanding the factors influencing visitor perceptions becomes crucial. The study examines the impact of authenticity, preservation efforts, and visitor management strategies on the perceived value and authenticity of these sites. Through a comparative analysis of visitor experiences and perceptions at both designated and non-designated sites, the research aims to uncover nuanced insights into the dynamics shaping heritage tourism and management strategies in Lahore. By elucidating these factors, the study contributes to the discourse on heritage conservation and tourism management in rapidly evolving urban contexts.

EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP STYLE ON JOB PERFORMANCE IN HOSPITALS OF KARACHI

2024-04-07T08:24:44+00:00

In today’s competitive period, every organization is trying to excel its performance. To work in a highly competitive and fast changing environment there is a need of highly adaptive leaders that can encounter challenges and help their subordinates to face and tackle those challenges. Leadership is the process of one man influencing the group of people and directing them towards their goal. Organizations always strive for new strategies and approaches to lead their employees in order to manage and enhance their performance. The aim of current study is to examine relationship between transformational leadership style instrumental leadership style, transactional leadership style and Participative leadership style on job performance. The data were collected from the employees of hospitals by using the Survey method from the selected sample comprising 300 primary school teachers from renowned schools. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires and it was presented by SPSS. The major findings revealed that transformational leadership style instrumental leadership style, transactional leadership style and participative leadership style to employee’s job performance of hospitals.

IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF CRITICAL RISK FACTORS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PAKISTAN

2024-04-24T17:07:11+00:00

This study systematically identifies and analyzes risk factors in construction projects. A review of the literature yielded a list of 34 risk factors, which served as the foundation for empirical research. The survey's reliability was confirmed by a high Cronbach's Alpha score of 0.895, indicating internal consistency. The descriptive analysis identified "High Inflation/Increase in Prices" as the factor with the highest rating (mean score 4.04). "High Inflation/Increase in Prices (RII = 0.73151)," "Shift in Political Leadership (RII = 0.63014)," and "Delayed Payment on Contract (RII = 0.62192)" were the top-ranked risk factors, according to the Risk Index of Importance (RII). Prioritization based on occurrence frequency was followed by Pareto analysis. The study concluded with cluster analysis, which classified 66 respondents according to their risk attitudes and behaviors. According to a probabilistic analysis, "High Inflation/Increase in Prices" has the highest likelihood of occurring in future construction projects. This study provides useful insights for proactive risk management and strategic planning in the construction industry, allowing for informed risk mitigation and project success.

ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVE DISORDERS (ADHD) SYMPTOMS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS, KARACHI PAKISTAN

2024-04-07T10:05:40+00:00

The aim of the study is to identify the frequency of ADHD symptoms and its association with Academic Performance among secondary school children of Private Schools, Karachi, Pakistan. Analytical cross sectional study was conducted among 280 students who are at their adolescence, duration of the study were 3months. Participants with age range 13-16years were selected. Data were collected using Wander Utha Rating scale (WURS). SPSS software version16.0 was used to assess frequency & % for categorical and qualitative variables. Chi square test was used to find out the association of ADHD Symptoms with the risk factors such as Gender, Class/Grade, Birth order, Previous Grade/Academic Performance, Parent smoking history and No. of siblings. Out of 280 respondents, 152 (54.3%) were male and 128 (45.7%) were female. Majority of the students (n=160, 57%) were 14 and 15 years of age..Findings of the study revealed academic performance and parents smoking history shows significant association with the presence of ADHD Symptoms by showing P-value 0.015 and 0.017 respectively. Findings of the study conclude that in private schools of Karachi Pakistan, most significant association with the prevalence of ADHD symptoms are smoking history of parents and the students’ academic performance.

NEXUS BETWEEN MICROFINANCE AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN PAKISTAN

2024-05-02T15:48:20+00:00

It seems that there are significant connections between microfinance and climate change. The proliferation of small enterprises is having an effect on environmental circumstances and climate change, as well as creating more business prospects for them through microfinancing operations. The escalating commercial operations necessitate a greater consumption of water and power to carry out production and manufacturing tasks. Growing commercial activity is another factor contributing to the global warming that is occurring. However, the release of greenhouse gases is also a contributing factor to harsh weather patterns and increased temperatures. In addition to having an effect on the agricultural sector of the economy, excessive water consumption and glacier melting are also contributing to sea level rise, which poses a hazard to both individuals and farmers. Floods are becoming more likely in both rural and urban regions due to increasing sea levels and the excessive melting of glaciers brought on by global warming. As such, there is a direct correlation between the rise of small enterprises and the alteration in the climate. Small businesses thus take precautions to reduce their influence on the climate, but the growing number of commercial operations can still have a negative impact on the global climate. The Hindu-Kush Himalayan region's population is especially susceptible to climate change-related food insecurity due to inadequate infrastructure, restricted access to international markets, geographic remoteness, low productivity, and susceptibility to hazards (IPCC, 2019). Due to extended droughts and more frequent floods, farmers in this area are experiencing lower agricultural yields and a rise in food insecurity (Hussain et al. 2016; Manzoor et al. 2013). These days, climate change amplifies natural disasters including drought, forest fires, floods, and landslides. The unsustainable levels of poverty and opportunity inequality in Pakistan will be significantly worsened by changes in monsoon patterns, an increase in hydropower projects, and ill-planned rural road projects. Policymakers must take immediate action to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change at the household and micro business levels. If policy limits money, microfinance can be a key player in promoting such best practices. By offering loans and other financial services, microfinance assists rural residents in creating assets, diversifying their sources of income, and managing risks. By expanding these activities through policy and community level initiatives, there is a great chance to benefit from financial innovations including risk insurance, microfinance, conditional cash transfer programs, and targeted subsidies. Mitigation and adaptation strategies, however, are insufficient to stop the negative effects of climate change; loss and damage (L&D) measures are becoming more essential and necessary. A comprehensive multi-level governance is therefore required. Concrete implementation of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage linked with Climate Change Impacts (2013) necessitates the backing of state policies and mechanisms. We demand the implementation of a top-down as well as a bottom-up strategy to address L&D in Pakistan in a more thorough manner, drawing on the example of Bangladesh. This policy paper aims to persuade policy makers to act swiftly in order to develop and execute policies that effectively address the effects of climate change in order to promote social and economic advancement.

IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PAKISTAN

2024-04-30T13:32:28+00:00

This study focused on the impact of government expenditures on economic growth by using the ARDL technique for the period of 1990-2020. Results show that government expenditures will positively affect economic growth across a variety of channels. Government investment can boost economic activity by providing public goods, which are a key component of aggregate demand. Furthermore, ensuring fair income allocation may affect economic development by the mechanism of taxation and transfer payments. Government spending aids in maintaining law and order in the region, which is needed for long-term economic development. Furthermore, government expenditures on constructive projects such as physical and human infrastructure can increase productivity, and government spending through its relationship with the private sector can increase production directly or indirectly (Asghar et al 2012).

MARXIST PERSPECTIVE OF CLASS CONFLICT IN MOHSIN HAMID’S MOTH SMOKE & HOW TO GET FILTHY RICH IN RISING ASIA

2024-05-02T16:43:39+00:00

Marxism is one of the most important literary theories that studies the social historic factors in a literary work. It is very vast theory with many dimensions to cover. The current study is based on novels analyzed through textual evidence. The aim of study is to reveal the socioeconomic issues of time in which both novels, Moth Smoke and How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia, were set under Marxist perspective of Class conflict. The analysis is done by applying the two methods of Peter Barry Model (1995) in the texts of the both selected novels, firstly, deals with overt and covert themes of novels and secondly, to know the nature of literary genre in term of its social time period, in order to find out various class issues which include the supremacy of elite class over the people of lower class, and unequal opportunities of job for the people of lower class, moreover, to answer the question of other social issues of Pakistan in the shape of corruption, unemployment, poverty, drugs usages, lack of quality education etc. Marxist criticism explores the writer’s consciousness about the social-historic facts and appreciates how writers make these factors the part of literature. There are many overt incidents in the novels that relate to covert situations. Marxist critics dig out these overt situations and then connect them with covert happenings of the time. For example, the economic suffering of the characters of the novels was connected with the economic downfall of Pakistan such as in the case of Moth Smoke’s Protagonist Daru and unnamed boy who struggles to be wealthy person of society in How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia. Barry (1995) suggests this method of study for Marxist analysis and same is applied in this study.