International Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities

AN ASSESSMENT OF PAK-U.S RELATIONS DURING JUNGEO ERA 1985-1988

Mr.Azhar Maqsood Sirwar — 2025-07-01

This study provides a comprehensive assessment of Pak–U. S relations during the term of Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo (1985–1988) a period situated at the intersection of Cold War politics, regional security challenges, and Pakistan’s domestic political transition. Following the Soviet withdrawl form Afghanistan, Pakistan emerged as a frontline state for U.S. strategic interests, receiving significant economic and military assistance. During the Junejo era, bilateral relations were shaped by mutual dependence: Washington depend on on Islamabad to sustain the Afghan resistance, while Pakistan viewed U.S. aid as essential for strengthening its defense and economy. However, this relationship was not without friction. The U.S. consistently raised concerns regarding Pakistan’s nuclear ambitions, leading to debates surrounding the Pressler Amendment and conditional aid packages. Junejo, unlike General Zia-ul-Haq, attempted to adopt a more independent and pragmatic foreign policy approach by emphasizing parliamentary democracy, asserting civilian oversight, and cautiously balancing external commitments with domestic priorities. The paper analyzes key dimensions of this era, including cooperation in the Afghan war, U.S. aid flows, nuclear policy disputes, and Junejo’s independent position on issues such as the Geneva Accords. It highlights how Junejo’s cautious assertion of autonomy, while maintaining alliance commitments, reflected the difficulties of managing external pressures alongside domestic democratization. Ultimately, the research argues that Pak–U.S. relations during Junejo’s premiership were marked by both strategic convergence and structural contradictions, foreshadowing the returning patterns of dependency and mistrust that have continued to characterize the bilateral relationship in subsequent decades.

HISTORICAL ROLE OF ‘SHEEDIS’ AT MANGHO PIR SHRINE IN PRESERVATION OF CROCODILES

Riaz Ahmad — 2025-07-01

This article attempts to deal with the animals’ lodging at Sufi shrines as a historical phenomenon sustained by various social and communal groups. It describes how communities curate and sustain animals for so long periods employing various ways and strategies. And, in investigating that, this article considers, as case study, the role of ‘Sheedi’ community to sustain the preservation of crocodiles at Mangho Pir shrine in Karachi. Therefore, this article details that how Mangho Pir shrine and ‘Sheedi’ community go hand-in-hand and side-by-side in the protection and conservation of biodiversity and wildlife. Furthermore, it also tries to examine how folklore went on changing historically though driven so by the community attached to crocodiles and shrine. However, this study attempts to demonstrate that the crocodiles at shrine not only are regarded as subjects but also a sustained part and participants of the Sufi traditions of Pakistan.

THE CATALYTIC ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE AND SATISFYING CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE AMONG POTENTIAL BUYERS

Adil Nawaz — 2025-07-30

The increasing influence of social media on customer behavior has prompted a need to explore its implications in various sectors, including higher education. This study examines the dynamic relationship between social media usage and satisfying customer experience in the context of public sector universities in Southern Region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. A mediation model is proposed and empirically validated to investigate the mediating roles of artificial intelligence.Grounded in theoretical perspectives from digital marketing and consumer psychology, this quantitative study utilized survey data collected from university graduates, Structural equation modeling was conducted using Smart-PLS (Partial Least Squares) to assess both direct and indirect relationships among the constructs.The results revealed that Artificial Intelligence significantly mediate the relationship between social media usage and satisfying customer experience among potential buyers. This research makes a theoretical contribution by integrating artificial intelligence into model of social media usage influence on satisfying customer experience in the educational context. It also provides practical recommendations for university administrators and policymakers to strategically utilize AI-driven technologies engaging social media content to optimize student recruitment and engagement.

REVISITING LINGUISTIC NATIONALISM AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN BAABA SILLAH’S DREAMS OF THE ISLANDS: A POSTCOLONIAL CRITIQUE

Momodou Lamin Demba — 2025-09-30

The themes of linguistic nationalism and identity construction abound in Baaba Sillah’s Dreams of the Islands. This paper examines how Sillah uses language in reconstructing a national identity anchored in the cultural and linguistic heritage of Kataminian society. Our goal is to investigate how the novel questions the logic of imported epistemologies, especially through the colonial education system, and reimagine new cultural identities based on the framework of postcolonial African literature. A postcolonial approach is used to analyze how the novel engages with themes of linguistic hierarchies and cultural imperialism. The methodological approach lays emphasis on linguistic vitality to unearth the conflict between imposed linguistic hierarchies and efforts to reclaim cultural recognition. In this critical inquiry into language and identity in Dreams of the Islands, it echoes a decolonized future where the voices of the marginalized are made central to national and global discourse.

UNDERSTANDING MASCULINE SOCIALIZATION: PATRIARCHAL APPROACH AND UNFOLDING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN RURAL SINDH, PAKISTAN

Ameer Buriro — 2025-09-30

The objective of this paper is to explore experiences of men regarding masculinity, hegemonic and hyper masculinity that how these approaches influence domestic violence in rural settings of Sindh Pakistan. Male baby preferences in socialization since birth to everyday life is not a new concept, rather than the concept of hyper masculinity and preferences to male baby in gender roles like socioeconomics, legal and religious through socialization by the parents through different means of traditions, culture, social and religious claim has contributed and augmented the male dominant culture in Sindh Pakistan. However, masculinity and preference to male baby has critically affected lives of women and shaped masculine gendered roles, which have been a great deal of influence on domestic violence. Besides, concept and prevalence of masculinity and gender preference has widened the gap of gender inequality between men and women. This research study is qualitative by its design, in which [N=12 males] participants, ranged from (18-65-years) were chosen from locale District Dadu Sindh, Pakistan. Multi-layer sampling like purposive and snowball were employed during data collection to approach participants. Close by can be many factors leading to domestic violence yet, masculine socialization, masculinity in gender relation approach has led a path to domestic violence in rural sindh Pakistan.