https://irjssh.com/index.php/irjssh <p>International Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (IRJSSH) is a peer reviewed International scholarly journal published by Al-Zouq Educational Research Centre. It is dedicated to scholarly study of all aspects of Social Sciences and Humanities. Objectives of IRJSSH are to provide a platform for researchers, academicians, and practitioners to share their research findings and innovative ideas in the field of Social Sciences and Humanities.It is to facilitate communication and collaboration among researchers and practitioners in different regions and disciplines to publish high quality, original, and innovative research papers that contribute to the advancement of knowledge which further affect the overall development of peace in the society.The main objective of the International Research Journal of Social Science and Humanities (IRJSSH) is to offer an intellectual platform to the International scholars and it aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities and Social Sciences.All manuscripts must be prepared in English and are subject to a double-blind peer review process.</p> Al Zouq Educational Research Centre en-US International Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 2959-2887 https://irjssh.com/index.php/irjssh/article/view/345 <p>The aim of this research is to examine the roles of teacher-student interactions, academic self-efficacy, and extracurricular activities for student retention in Non-Formal Education (NFE) centers in Sindh, Pakistan. The study followed a quantitative methodological approach. The study covered 558 students enrolled at different NFE centers across numerous districts of Sindh. Simple random sampling was exploited in selecting the respondents. Data were gathered via a 5-point Likert-type scale questionnaire. The data was analyzed using PLS-SEM given the complexity of the model. The result indicated that academic self-efficacy has a negative and insignificant effect on student retention. However academic self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on student satisfaction. Extracurricular activities have a positive and significant effect on both stent retention and student satisfaction. Student satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on student retention. Whereas, teacher-student interaction has a positive and insignificant effects on student retention. Teacher-student interaction has positively significant effects on student satisfaction. Moreover, switching barriers has negatively and significant moderates between student satisfaction and student retention. Student satisfaction has positively and significant mediates between teacher-student interaction, academic self-efficacy, and extracurricular activities with student retention. Therefore, interventions for increasing student mixing may encourage extracurricular activities and hence better retention in NFE centers; and switching barriers must be very carefully managed to ensure that they pander to satisfaction-based retention and not hinder it.</p> Abdul Fatah Jokhio Dr Najmonnisa Khan Dr. Suneel Kumar Copyright (c) 2026 2026-01-30 2026-01-30 5 1 1 28 10.66594/irjssh.v5i1.345 https://irjssh.com/index.php/irjssh/article/view/351 <p>This study investigates how small-scale farming communities perceive and respond to water scarcity and climate change in Pakistan’s arid Pishin Lora Basin. Through household survey with 264 famers, the study finds that almost all farmers have observed climatic changes at local level. Their understand of climate change is often shaped by religious and cultural beliefs, mostly attributing such changes to natural cycles and divine will, rather than activities of humans. Such perceptions influence their actions: mostly take little responsibility or capability to play their role in mitigations. Digging more wells and going deeper for water is their main strategy to address water shortage which is an unsustainable and short-term solution. With little formal education and more focus on informal community networks for information, they have limited access to scientific knowledge and advanced climate-resilient agriculture techniques. The study elaborates a significant gap between local experience and scientific strategies of adaptation, arguing that effective climate policy needs to minimize this gap by integrating indigenous knowledge with scientific insights and focusing on deep-rooted perceptions to enhance community resilience.</p> Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Dr. Abdul Rahim Changezi Copyright (c) 2026 2026-01-30 2026-01-30 5 1 29 54 10.66594/irjssh.v5i1.351