CAPITALISM, CLASS, AND CLIMATE: AN ECO-MARXIST ANALYSIS OF MOHSIN HAMID'S MOTH SMOKE AND UZMA ASLAM KHAN'S TRESSPASSING
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Abstract
A balanced eco-system is very essential for a healthy human life. Growing urbanization and industrialization are disturbing the balance of eco-system through pollution and global warming. This paper examines the interconnection between capitalism, ecological damage and class inequalities in the context of Pakistan as reflected in Mohsin Hamid’s Moth Smoke and Uzma Aslam Khan’s Tresspassing. The eco-Marxism theory of John Bellamy Foster serves as a theoretical framework for this research which states that capitalist economic system negatively impacts both humans and their natural environment. Both the texts criticize capitalism and highlight the resulting environmental challenges and class struggles leading to an eco-Marxist discourse on social and environmental justice. The analysis reveals how both the authors address the effect of capitalist practices on the environment and marginalized communities which will contribute to a deeper understanding of the socio-environmental framework of contemporary Pakistani society. By foregrounding eco-Marxist themes, this study aims to invite readers to reflect on the urgent need for more equitable and sustainable systems that honor both social justice and ecological balance.
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